How Can Plastic Be A Menace?

Plastic has been a pal for people since it was found by Alexander Parkes in 1862. After the great invention, the use of plastic was raised rapidly, especially for human life and some industries. People use plastic because of its special character, such as light, cheap, simple, easy to be shaped, and can be used repeatedly. In 1996 the world used plastic up to 150 million tons. While Indonesia used 1.5 million tons per day in 2000. Instead of its helpful function, plastic also can be very harmful to our environment when it is used and thrown carelessly. It can be a big problem, for it pollutes the soil, water, and air.

Plastic consists of thousands small molecules called monomer. These monomers are combined into the bigger molecule called polymer by chemical connection. When people dump used plastic to the soil, it needs hundreds years to get it sundered and decomposed by the microorganism, because of the tight chemical connection and non bio-degradable character of plastic. For instance, poly amide, a kind of synthetic plastic can be sundered up to 83 thousand years. This complex process causes the decadence of soil fertility, and disturbs the balance of the soil.

Some used plastic which is thrown to the sea, can also be a problem for fish and the other sea organisms. The fishermen dump their plastic net rubbish to the sea carelessly without knowing and without awareness of its effect. The net and the other plastic rubbish can endanger the sea organisms. First, the animal trapped by the tangled net, then wrapped, tied, and day after day the tie will be tighter because the animal grows and get bigger. This trap hinders its respiratory system and it gets difficulty in swimming even breathing. In 1992, 99 seabirds, a lot of sharks, and 75 salmons were killed in the Pacific Ocean by 1500 meters tousled plastic net. Beside that, styrene in plastic can contaminate subsoil water and cause cancer to the people who drink it.

When we have some plastic in our trash bin, in our mind there is no better choice than burning it. But do you know? When we burn plastic and let the smoke flies in the air, at the same time we unintentionally let the poison consisted in the smoke flies too. Burning plastic, causes the chlorine (Cl) and carbon monoxide (CO) from plastic flies to the atmosphere and join the air. Inhaling this poisonous gas triggers lung cancer and deficiency immune system.

Recently, plastic has been a menace for the beauty of our environment too beside humans’ health. A gorgeous garden will lost its beauty when it is decorated by plastic rubbish. Also a beautiful city will looks so chaotic when plastic rubbish is everywhere.

Considering plastic can be a menace for our environment when it is dumped carelessly or burnt, so, recycling plastic rubbish is the best choice for our body and our environment. Because by recycling plastic rubbish, we can produce useful household utensils, such as bucket and pot, beside decreasing the amount of plastic rubbish, and keeping our environment clean, fresh, comfortable, and of course nice.







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Valentine’s Day History

Valentine’s Day History

Valentine’s day, first made by Pope Gelasius I in about 496 to respect Saint Valentine who was died on February 14 269. He was died because of his effort for the thing called ‘love’.

In the third century, Rome was led by Caesar Claudius II. The unstable condition in Rome, made it often in war. The Caesar absolutely had to have many good and powerful men to defeat his enemy. At that time, the Caesar considered that the men who had not married were stronger and better than them, who had married. So, he made a rule that forbidden his people to get married. Valentine was the one who refused to agree with the rule. The amazing thing was, he took action by marrying the people secretly. What an extreme action he had done?

Unfortunately, one day the Caesar knew about it, then he sent Valentine to the jail. Being in the jail, didn’t make him stop struggling for the ‘love’. He sent many cards to the people he loved, with pictures of a heart, and wrote “I love you-From your Valentine”.

Sadly, he was died in the death punishment in February 14 269. Now the day of his death, known as ‘Valentine’s Day’.

Knowing the great effort that Valentine was taken, I hope you will be motivated to struggle for your true love. (from various sources)



The Presidents of America

The Presidents Of America

  1. George Washington
    1. Period : 1789-1797
    2. Born : Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22 1732
    3. Died : Mountvermount, Virginia, December 1799
    4. Wife : Martha Dondridge Custis
  2. John Adams
    1. Period : 1797-1801
    2. Born : Quincy, Massachusetts, October 30 1735
    3. Died : Quincy, Massachusetts, July 4
    4. Wife : Abigail Smith
    5. Profession : Lawyer
  3. Thomas Jefferson
    1. Period : 1801-1809
    2. Born : Shadwell Plantation, Virginia, April 13 1743
    3. Died : Monticello, Virginia, July 4 1826
    4. Wife : Martha Wayles Shelton
    5. Profession : Lawyer
  4. James Madison
    1. Period : 1809-1817
    2. Born : Port Conway, Virginia, March 16 1751
    3. Died : Montpellier, Virginia, June 28 1839
    4. Wife : Dolley D. Payne Todd
    5. Profession : Lawyer
  5. James Monroe
    1. Period : 1817-1825
    2. Born : West Moreland County, Virginia, April 28 1758
    3. Died : New York, July 4 1831
    4. Wife : Elizabeth Kortright
  6. John Quincy Adams
    1. Period : 1825-1829
    2. Born : Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11 1767
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, February 23 1848
    4. Wife : Lousia Catherine Johnson
  7. Andrew Jackson
    1. Period : 1829-1837
    2. Born : Waxhaw Settlement, Carolina, March 15 1767
    3. Died : Nashville, Tennessee, June 8 1845
    4. Wife : Rachel D. Robards
    5. Profession : Lawyer (ex. Sailor)
  8. Martin Van Buren
    1. Period : 1837-1841
    2. Born : Kinderhook, New York, December 5 1782
    3. Died : Kinderhook, New York, June 24 1862
    4. Wife : Hannah Hoes
  9. William Henry Horrison
    1. Period : 1841
    2. Born : Charles City County, Virginia, February 9 1773
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, April 14 1841
    4. Wife : Anna Tuthil Symmes
  10. John Tayler
    1. Period : 1841-1845
    2. Born : Charles City County, Virginia, March 29 1770
    3. Died : Richmond, Virginia, January 18 1862
    4. Wife : Letilia Christian, Julia Gardiner
  11. James K. Polk
    1. Period : 1845-1849
    2. Born : Mecklenburg County, November
    3. Died : Nashville, Tennessee, June 15 1849
    4. Wife : Sarah Childress
    5. Profession : Lawyer
  12. Zachary Taylor
    1. Period : 1849-1850
    2. Born : Barboursville, Virginia, November 24 1784
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, July 9 1850
    4. Wife : Margaret Mackall Smith
    5. Profession : Soldier
  13. Millard Fillmore
    1. Period :1850-1853
    2. Born : Summer Hill, New York
    3. Died : Buffalo, New York, March 8 1874
    4. Wife : Abigail Powers, Caroline C. McIntosh
  14. Franklin Pierce
    1. Period : 1853-1857
    2. Born : Hillsboro, New Hampshire, November 23 1804
    3. Died : Concord, New H
    4. Wife :
  15. James Buchanan
    1. Period : 1857-1861
    2. Born : Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, April 23 1771
    3. Died : LAN Chester, Pennsylvania, June 1 1868
    4. Wife : -
  16. Abraham Lincoln
    1. Period : 1861-1865
    2. Born : Hodgenville, Kentucky, February 12 1809
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, April 15 1865
    4. Wife : Mary Todd
  17. Andrew Johnson
    1. Period : 1865-1869
    2. Born : Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29 1808
    3. Died : Carteres Station, Tennessee, July 31 1875
    4. Wife : Eliza McCardle
  18. Ulysses S. Grant
    1. Period : 1869-1877
    2. Born : Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27 1822
    3. Died : Mount McGregor, New York
    4. Wife : Julia Boggs Dent
    5. Profession : Soldier
  19. Rutherford B. Hayes
    1. Period : 1877-1881
    2. Born : Delaware, Ohio, October 4 1822
    3. Died : Fremont, Ohio, January 17 1893
    4. Wife : Lucy Ware Webb
  20. James A. Garfield
    1. Period : 1881
    2. Born : Cuya Hoga County, Ohio, November 1831
    3. Died : Elberon, New Jersey, September 19 1881
    4. Wife : Lucretia Rudolph
    5. Profession : Lecturer and teacher
  21. Chester Alan Arthur
    1. Period : 1881-1885
    2. Born : North Fairfield, Vermont, October 1829
    3. Died : New York, November 1886
    4. Wife : Ellen Lewis Herndon
  22. Grover Cleveland
    1. Period : 1885-1889
    2. Born : Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18 1839
    3. Died : Princeton, New Jersey, June 1908
    4. Wife : Francy Folsom
  23. Benjamin Harrison
    1. Period : 1889-1893
    2. Born : Nort Bend, Ohio, August 20 1833
    3. Died : Indianapolis, Indiana, March 13 1901
    4. Wife : Caroline Lavinia Scott, Mary Scott Lord Dimmick
  24. Grover Cleveland (The second period)
    1. Period : 1893-1897
  25. William Mc Kinley
    1. Period : 1897-1901
    2. Born : Niles, Ohio, January 29 1843
    3. Died : Buffalo, New York, September 14 1901
    4. Wife : Ida Saxton
  26. Theodore Roosevelt
    1. Period : 1901-1909
    2. Born : New York, October 27 1858
    3. Died : Oyster Bay, New York, January 6 1919
    4. Wife : Alice Hathaway, Edith Kermit Carow
  27. William Howard Taft
    1. Period : 1909-1913
    2. Born : Cincinnati, Ohio, September15 1857
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, March 8 1930
    4. Wife : Helen W. Herron
  28. Woodrow Wilson
    1. Period : 1913-1921
    2. Born : Staunton, Virginia, December 28 1856
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, February 3 1924
    4. Wife : Elle Louis Axson, Edith Bolling Galt
  29. Warren G. Harding
    1. Period : 1921-1923
    2. Born : Corsica, Ohio, November 2 1865
    3. Died : San Francisco, California, August 2 1923
    4. Wife : Florence Kling De Wolfe
  30. Calvin Coolidge
    1. Period : 1923-1929
    2. Born : Plymouth Notch, Vermont, July 4 1873
    3. Died : Northampton, Massachusetts, January 5 1933
    4. Wife : Grace Anna Goodhue
  31. Herbert Hoover
    1. Period : 1929-1933
    2. Born : West Brach, Iowa, August 10 1874
    3. Died : New York, October 20 1964
    4. Wife : Lou Henry
  32. Franklin D. Roosevelt
    1. Period : 1933-1945
    2. Born : Hyde Park, New York, January 30 1882
    3. Died : Warm Spring, Georgia, april 12 1945
    4. Wife : Anna Elleanor Roosevelt
  33. Harry S. Truman
    1. Period : 1945-1953
    2. Born : Lamar, Missouri, May 8 1884
    3. Died : Kansan City, Missouri, December 26 1972
    4. Wife : Elizabeth Virginia Wallace
  34. Dwight D. Eisenhower
    1. Period : 1953-1961
    2. Born : Dennison, Texas, October 14 1890
    3. Died : Washington, D.C, March 28 1969
    4. Wife : Mary Geneva Doud
    5. Profession : Soldier
  35. John F. Kennedy
    1. Period : 1961-1963
    2. Born : Brooklin, Massachusetts, May 29 1917
    3. Died : Dallas, Texas, November 22 1963
    4. Wife : Jacqueline Bouvier
    5. Profession : Author
  36. Lyndon Baines Johnson
    1. Period : 1963-1969
    2. Born : Johnson City, Texas, August 27 1908
    3. Died : Johnson City, Texas, January 22 1973
    4. Wife : Claudia Alta Taylor
    5. Profession : Lecturer and teacher
  37. Richard M. Nixon
    1. Period : 1969-1974
    2. Born : Yorbalinda, California, January 9 1913
    3. Died : New York, April 22 1994
    4. Wife : Thelma Catherine Ryan
    5. Profession : Lawyer
  38. Gerald R. Ford
    1. Period : 1974-1977
    2. Born : Omaha, Nebraska, July 14 1913
    3. Wife : Elizabeth Bloomer Warren
  39. Jimmy Carter
    1. Period : 1977-1981
    2. Born : Plains, Georgia, October 1 1924
    3. Wife : Rosalynn Smith
    4. Profession : Farmer
  40. Ronald Wilson Reagen
    1. Period : 1981-
    2. Born : Tampico, Illinois, February 6 1911
    3. Wife : Jane Wayman, Nancy Davis
    4. Profession : Actor
  41. George Bush
    1. Period : 1989-1993
    2. Born : Milton, Massachusetts, June 12 1924
    3. Wife : Barbara Pierce
    4. Profession : Businessman
  42. William Bill Clinton
    1. Period :1993-2001
    2. Born : Hope, Arkansas, August 19 1946
    3. Wife : Hillary Rodham
    4. Profession : Lawyer
  43. George Walker Bush
    1. Period : 2001-Now
    2. Born : New Haven, Connecticut, July 6 1946
    3. Wife : Laura Welch